The theory of “Wilayat al-Fagih,” as one of the foundational principles of Islamic governance, has had a significant impact on political, economic, social, cultural, and religious developments in Islamic societies. This study aims to examine the theoretical and practical dimensions of this concept and identify its challenges and opportunities from the perspectives of bibliometrics, scientometrics, and qualitative content analysis. To this end, scientific documentation related to the theory of “Wilayat al-Fagih” between 1996 and 2024 was analyzed using BibExcel and VOSviewer software, uncovering the main research trends and networks of scientific collaboration in this field. Subsequently, in the qualitative content analysis section, data were examined using a three-phase coding method and MAXQDA2020 software to identify key concepts and theoretical and practical frameworks associated with this theory. Based on this, the research findings are presented in five main axes. First, the theory of “Wilayat al-Fagih,” rooted in Islamic theoretical and jurisprudential foundations, has succeeded in establishing its position in modern politics and provided a framework for governance in Islamic societies. Second, in the axis of ideological resistance, this theory leads Islamic resistance movements, offering an effective model in confronting global hegemonies. Third, the analysis of governance structures and practical challenges shows the capacity of this theory to respond to theoretical critiques through ideological tools and practical mechanisms. Fourth, the combination of jurisprudential traditions with the requirements of modernity highlights the flexibility of “Wilayat al-Fagih” in strengthening social justice, democracy, and the rule of law. Fifth, the role of elites and development strategies emphasizes the importance of scientific and religious participation in strengthening and expanding Islamic governance and linking this theory with international governance systems. Finally, this study suggests that future research should address the comparative adaptability of this theory with other governance systems and the impact of elite collaboration on the expansion of Islamic governance.